According to a widely cited forecasting study, relaxed social distancing rules will lead to a two-fold increase in deaths from COVID-19. Predicting how much the mortality will increase, however, is fraught with huge uncertainties, as epidemiologists like me well know. That’s because the forecast relies on assumptions about what will happen in the future.

To make sense of that prediction, then, we must have a clear sense of the how the model is constructed, specifically the assumptions used. All forecast models require assumptions to simulate future circumstances and a key one is how the relaxation of social distancing is characterized. For example, what types of social interactions are changing? Is increased crowding occurring in indoor venues (malls and restaurants) or outdoor venues (the beach)? How quickly is it happening across time? Details likes these can dramatically influence mortality forecasts.

Understanding the degree to which assumptions drive model predictions reveals a reality: The power of epidemiological models is not like a crystal ball, identifying the exact timing of an epidemic. Instead, models are more like a compass, showing the direction of an outbreak within a range of possibilities.

Even without being precise, models are still useful because they offer what military leaders would call boots on the ground. Model results provide insights to guide state and federal strategies and policymaking to control transmission.

Rather than focusing on the two-fold increase in deaths per se, the message to policymakers is that relaxing social distancing too much and too early will result in a significant rise in deaths.

Disease dynamics

The structure of a model comes with an array of assumptions. Some models are statistical, where mathematical expressions are used to describe the shape of the data. Others are mechanistic, where the mathematical expressions describe the well-understood patterns of disease transmission. Statistical models, like the often-cited study that predicted a two-fold increase in deaths, are adequate for short-term predictions, whereas mechanistic models are preferable for longer-term predictions.

Another strength of mechanistic models is their ability to provide general guidance because the structure of the model reflects a hypothesized disease process. There are assumptions about the rate and intensity of contact, the proportion of those exposed who remain asymptomatic or become symptomatic, and the degree to which those that recover are protected from reinfection, as well as those who were vaccinated.

Since many states have passed their peak, people are now interested in understanding how decisions about social distancing will affect the shape of the epidemic curve. The goal is to decrease the probability of a resurgence in cases and avoid overwhelming the hospital system. At the same time, society cannot sustain high levels of social distancing indefinitely.

This leads to a number of pressing questions: How can the country keep daily cases low to minimize the chances of a resurgence? When might the U.S. expect to see benefits from large portions of the population becoming immune? Mechanistic models can help answer these questions.

Mechanistic models show that by relaxing social distancing too quickly, the U.S. is at high risk of a second peak. This is because we have not built sufficient population immunity. Models can guide society on how to prevent this second peak by balancing slow relaxation of social distancing while implementing more efficient and targeted interventions through testing, contact tracing and isolation.

Models can also reinforce the need to relax social distancing slowly. It takes time to observe the effect of an intervention, such as imposing stay-at-home orders, and the basic principles of the progression from infection to onset of symptoms to full-blown disease is understood and codified in the model. Therefore, we can use the model to estimate the delay between the onset of an infection and when a case is identified through testing.

Predicting herd immunity

Likewise, these models describe herd immunity, the level of population immunity that results in elimination of transmission. Simple models suggest that to attain herd immunity, society will likely need upwards of 60% of the population to have protection from reinfection. This is concerning because recent data have suggested that to date only 10-20% of the population has been exposed in some regions.

However, this 60% number is predicated on people interacting more than they actually are in a more homogeneous way. Mechanistic models can account for heterogeneity in contact between people which is closer to our reality right now. It turns out when you account for the increased heterogeneity, then the herd immunity threshold is lower than 60%. Mechanistic models can also show that even prior to attaining herd immunity, increasing population immunity can slow transmission.

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