An international team of researchers has found that just 4.4 percent of people in France have been infected with the SARS-CoV-2 virus—a percentage far below that needed for herd immunity. In their paper published in the journal Science, the group describes their study of hospital and surveillance data and what it showed.

As the global pandemic continues to spread around the globe, many nations have begun to grapple with the issue of when to ease lockdown restrictions put it place to slow the spread of COVID-19. Such restrictions were enacted to “flatten the curve” to prevent hospitals and other healthcare facilities from being overrun. But such restrictions have led to economic problems—business closings, layoffs and slowing of sales—which have sent many countries into recession. And as medical scientists have warned that a vaccine or even an effective treatment for the disease may be a year or more in the future, world leaders have come under pressure to lift restrictions now—and many have relented. On May 11, many of the restrictions in France were lifted, allowing people to return to work, albeit with new rules in place, such as social distancing.

As countries including France have begun lifting restrictions, medical scientists have begun to speak out about the problems that could result if the restrictions are lifted too quickly. They note that in the absence of a vaccine, the only way out of the pandemic is through herd immunity, in which enough people carry antibodies that the virus burns itself out (assuming those with the antibodies truly are immune). Most scientists agree that herd immunity occurs when approximately 65 to 75% of a population has been infected. In this new effort, the researchers have found that France is still very far away from herd immunity, and therefore faces a likely second wave of infections as restrictions are eased.

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