For people who menstruate, your monthly cycle sets the rhythm for so many parts of your life — from sex to digestion to your emotions. So it only makes sense that your period also plays a role in how you feel during your workouts and how effective they are.

We talked with naturopathic doctor, personal trainer, female hormone expert and co-author of Lose Weight Here, Dr. Jade Teta — who offers a practical guide on how you can use your menstrual cycle to help you reach your health and fitness goals. And, if you’re perimenopausal, menopausal or post-menopausal, he offers guidance here too.

First, a primer on menses

The menstrual cycle is measured from day one of your period up to day one of your next menstrual cycle. The length of the average menstrual cycle is 28 days (though cycle length can vary anywhere from 21 to 35 days).

On day one of your cycle — the day when bleeding starts — both estrogen and progesterone are low. During the first part of your cycle (days 1-14), progesterone remains low as estrogen begins to rise, peaking around day 14. Mid-cycle is typically when you would ovulate: the follicle, stimulated by the luteinizing hormone, releases the egg. The follicle becomes the corpus luteum, which produces progesterone. The first part of the menstrual cycle can be thought of as estrogen-dominant.

After ovulation, on days 15-28, estrogen decreases as progesterone rises. You can think of the second part of the menstrual cycle as being progesterone-dominant.

This continual rise and fall of estrogen and progesterone has an effect on fat storage and fat burning. These two hormones also influence two primary fat-regulating hormones — insulin and cortisol. Estrogen decreases insulin’s capacity to store fat, making the body more sensitive to insulin. Both estrogen and progesterone help buffer the negative effects of cortisol, the stress hormone that promotes fat storage.

So what do we make of all this?

How to exercise during the first half of your cycle

Higher estrogen = More fat burning and muscle building

When estrogen is rising during the first 14 days of your cycle, your body will have a higher tolerance for more exercise overall. It’s an ideal time to focus on weight training.

According to Teta, estrogen is an anti-stress hormone; a fairly good anabolic hormone (meaning that estrogen encourages cellular growth and contributes to building muscle); and an insulin-sensitizing hormone, which means that you’ll be less likely to store fat.

Higher estrogen levels also mean that you can consume more carbohydrates and exercise more without negative consequences. “This is a good time,” says Teta, “to do weight training. Your body is able to handle more stress, including more exercise overall, and a higher carbohydrate consumption — just don’t go overboard!”

How to exercise during the second half of your cycle

Higher progesterone = More fat storing and muscle sparing

As progesterone rises and estrogen falls the two weeks after ovulation, or during days 15-28, your body will have less tolerance for too much exercise. Aim to pair higher intensity and shorter duration exercises (like heavy weight lifting) with moderate-intensity and longer duration cardio — and lots of leisure walking on most days.

With higher progesterone levels, Teta advises going easier on exercise and lowering your carbohydrate intake. During this time, you are less insulin sensitive, which means that consuming carbohydrates (especially refined sugars and starches) — in excess of what you need — will likely be stored as fat.

Exceptions to the rule

Using your menstrual cycle to lose fat won’t work for you if:

• You are naturally more insulin resistant
• You have polycystic ovarian syndrome
• You have hypothyroidism (low thyroid)
• You have adrenal fatigue
• You have irregular periods
• You take birth control pills
• You are on hormone replacement therapy

The hormonal shifts that eventually lead to menopause can begin from age 35 — though many women “feel” these shifts in their 40s. This transitional period is known as perimenopause. You’re still getting your period, but there may be wild fluctuations in your estrogen and progesterone levels that affect your mood, body temperature, mental focus, sleep and appetite.

Perimenopause is very much like experiencing prolonged premenstrual syndrome, says Teta. Estrogen and progesterone begin dropping, but estrogen levels are higher relative to progesterone. Because progesterone levels are not as high as they should be, a woman will usually be in an estrogen-dominant state. “This means that perimenopausal women tend to have increased food cravings. During perimenopause, hormonal changes also affect the thyroid and adrenal glands, which — when combined with lower levels of estrogen — contribute to insulin resistance. This means that perimenopausal women are less able to tolerate carbohydrates and more likely to gain fat,” explains Teta.

If you’re in perimenopause — and losing weight is a health goal — it’s important to not overexercise and to decrease your carbohydrate consumption. Too much exercise increases hunger and cravings, especially for starchy carbohydrates. But, your body will be less likely to burn them during perimenopause.

How to exercise during menopause and post-menopause

In menopause and beyond, both estrogen and progesterone are low. You are not ovulating, and you will not have had a period in the last 12 months. At menopause, the wild hormonal fluctuations of perimenopause have stabilized. However, with the dramatic decline in estrogen and progesterone, your levels of cortisol (the stress hormone) can escalate. Your body becomes much more sensitive to stress — and this includes too much exercise. Overexercising — like engaging in daily, long-duration cardio, CrossFit or weight training — without adequate rest periods can lead to increased fat storage, weight gain and muscle loss.

Low estrogen levels in menopause and post-menopause also mean a high likelihood of insulin resistance — even if you eat the same amount of calories that you always have. “This means that you really won’t be able to consume as many carbohydrates as you did prior to menopause — especially if weight loss is a goal,” says Teta.

During perimenopause and menopause, the key is to take a “Goldilocks” approach to exercise — not too much, not too little, just enough for you. And your exercise regimen should include plenty of rest and recovery activities, like walking.

A version of this story was published September 2015.

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