Strenuous efforts to prevent and treat malaria in recent decades have brought great benefits, particularly against disease caused by Plasmodium falciparum in countries in Africa and the Americas. But malaria caused by its “stealthier and more resilient cousin”, P. vivax, now needs to be confronted with high priority, say Lorenz von Seidlein and Nicholas White of the Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit in Bangkok, Thailand in a Perspective. The piece introduces a Collection on the prevention and treatment of P. vivax malaria in the open access journal PLOS Medicine, published ahead of World Malaria Day on April 25th.

In a Review article in the Collection, Sarah Auburn of the Menzies School of Health Research and Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Australia and colleagues discuss the epidemiology of P. vivax. The parasite is endemic in an estimated 49 countries, and the authors highlight that the main burden of resulting disease falls on young children in remote areas poorly served by health services.

Unlike P. falciparum, P. vivax has a dormant liver stage which makes the parasite more difficult to study and treat, leading to relapsing infections. As discussed by Cindy Chu of the Shoklo Malaria Research Unit, Thailand and White in a second Review article in the Collection, effective drugs are available but the 8-aminoquinolines cause hemolysis in people with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency. This has limited the use of this class of drugs because infrastructure to support and provide G6PD testing is required prior to providing treatment.

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